Silver
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Silver

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Silver is a chemical element; it has symbol Ag (from Latin argentum 'silver') and atomic number 47. A soft, whitish-gray, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. Silver is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such

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Silver, 47Ag
Silver
Appearancelustrous white metal
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ag)
  • 107.8682±0.0002
  • 107.87±0.01 (abridged)
Silver in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Cu

Ag

Au
palladiumsilvercadmium
Atomic number (Z)47
Groupgroup 11
Periodperiod 5
Block  d-block
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d 5s
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1234.93 K ​(961.78 °C, ​1763.2 °F)
Boiling point2435 K ​(2162 °C, ​3924 °F)
Density (at 20° C)10.503 g/cm
(at STP)10,515 g/L
when liquid (at m.p.)9.320 g/cm
Heat of fusion11.28 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation254 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity25.350 J/(mol·K)
Specific heat capacity235.005 J/(kg·K)
Vapour pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1283 1413 1575 1782 2055 2433
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +1
−2, −1, 0, +2, +3
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.93
Ionisation energies
  • 1st: 731.0 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 2070 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3361 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 144 pm
Covalent radius145±5 pm
Van der Waals radius172 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of silver
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structureface-centred cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for silver
a = 408.60 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion18.92×10/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity429 W/(m⋅K)
Thermal diffusivity174 mm/s (at 300 K)
Electrical resistivity15.87 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility−19.5×10 cm/mol (296 K)
Young's modulus83 GPa
Shear modulus30 GPa
Bulk modulus100 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod2680 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio0.37
Mohs hardness2.5
Vickers hardness251 MPa
Brinell hardness206–250 MPa
CAS Number7440-22-4
History
Naminga non-Indo-European wanderwort
Discoverybefore 5000 BC
Symbol"Ag": from Latin argentum
Isotopes of silver
Main isotopes Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
Ag synth 41.29 d ε Pd
Ag synth 8.28 d ε Pd
Ag 51.8% stable
Ag synth 439 y ε Pd
IT Ag
Ag 48.2% stable
Ag synth 249.86 d β Cd
Ag synth 7.43 d β Cd
 Category: Silver
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