Osmium
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Osmium

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Osmium (from Ancient Greek ὀσμή (osmḗ) 'smell') is a chemical element; it has symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group. Osmium has the highest density of any stable element and one of the lowest abundances in the Earth's crust. Manufacturers use alloys of osmium with platinum, iridium, and other platinum-group metals for fountain pe

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Osmium, 76Os
Osmium
Pronunciation/ˈɒzmiəm/ ​(OZ-mee-əm)
Appearancesilvery, blue cast
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Os)
Osmium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Ru
↑
Os
↓
Hs
rhenium ← osmium → iridium
Atomic number (Z)76
Groupgroup 8
Periodperiod 6
Block  d-block
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f 5d 6s
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point3306 K ​(3033 °C, ​5491 °F)
Boiling point5281 K ​(5008 °C, ​9046 °F)
Density (at 20° C)22.587 g/cm
Heat of fusion57.851 kJ/mol (at m.p.)
Heat of vaporization378 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity24.7 J/(mol·K)
Specific heat capacity129.843 J/(kg·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 3160 3423 3751 4148 4638 5256
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: +4
−2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +5, +6, +7, +8
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.2
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 840 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1600 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius144±4 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of osmium
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​hexagonal close-packed (hcp) (hP2)
Lattice constants
Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for osmium
a = 273.42 pm
c = 431.99 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion4.99×10/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity87.6 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity81.2 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility11×10 cm/mol
Young's modulus556 GPa
Shear modulus222 GPa
Bulk modulus462 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod4940 m/s (at 20 °C)
Poisson ratio0.25
Mohs hardness7.0
Vickers hardness4137 MPa
Brinell hardness3920 MPa
CAS Number7440-04-2
History
Namingafter Greek osme, "a smell", for the smell of the volatile osmium tetroxide
Discovery and first isolationSmithson Tennant (1803)
Isotopes of osmium
Main isotopes Decay
Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
Os 0.02% 1.12×10 y α W
Os synth 92.95 d ε Re
Os 1.59% 2.0×10 y α W
Os 1.96% stable
Os 13.2% stable
Os 16.1% stable
Os 26.3% stable
Os synth 14.99 d β Ir
Os 40.8% stable
Os synth 29.83 h β Ir
Os synth 6.0 y β Ir
 Category: Osmium
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